Package org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom

Source Code of org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom.ASTNode$NodeList$Cursor

/*******************************************************************************
* Copyright (c) 2000, 2011 IBM Corporation and others.
* All rights reserved. This program and the accompanying materials
* are made available under the terms of the Eclipse Public License v1.0
* which accompanies this distribution, and is available at
* http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html
*
* Contributors:
*     IBM Corporation - initial API and implementation
*******************************************************************************/

package org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom;

import java.util.AbstractList;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;

import org.eclipse.jdt.internal.core.dom.NaiveASTFlattener;

/**
* Abstract superclass of all Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) node types.
* <p>
* An AST node represents a Java source code construct, such
* as a name, type, expression, statement, or declaration.
* </p>
* <p>
* Each AST node belongs to a unique AST instance, called the owning AST.
* The children of an AST node always have the same owner as their parent node.
* If a node from one AST is to be added to a different AST, the subtree must
* be cloned first to ensure that the added nodes have the correct owning AST.
* </p>
* <p>
* When an AST node is part of an AST, it has a unique parent node.
* Clients can navigate upwards, from child to parent, as well as downwards,
* from parent to child. Newly created nodes are unparented. When an
* unparented node is set as a child of a node (using a
* <code>set<i>CHILD</i></code> method), its parent link is set automatically
* and the parent link of the former child is set to <code>null</code>.
* For nodes with properties that include a list of children (for example,
* <code>Block</code> whose <code>statements</code> property is a list
* of statements), adding or removing an element to/for the list property
* automatically updates the parent links. These lists support the
* <code>List.set</code> method; however, the constraint that the same
* node cannot appear more than once means that this method cannot be used
* to swap elements without first removing the node.
* </p>
* <p>
* ASTs must not contain cycles. All operations that could create a cycle
* detect this possibility and fail.
* </p>
* <p>
* ASTs do not contain "holes" (missing subtrees). If a node is required to
* have a certain property, a syntactically plausible initial value is
* always supplied.
* </p>
* <p>
* The hierarchy of AST node types has some convenient groupings marked
* by abstract superclasses:
* <ul>
* <li>expressions - <code>Expression</code></li>
* <li>names - <code>Name</code> (a sub-kind of expression)</li>
* <li>statements - <code>Statement</code></li>
* <li>types - <code>Type</code></li>
* <li>type body declarations - <code>BodyDeclaration</code></li>
* </ul>
* </p>
* <p>
* Abstract syntax trees may be hand constructed by clients, using the
* <code>new<i>TYPE</i></code> factory methods (see <code>AST</code>) to
* create new nodes, and the various <code>set<i>CHILD</i></code> methods
* to connect them together.
* </p>
* <p>
* The class {@link ASTParser} parses a string
* containing a Java source code and returns an abstract syntax tree
* for it. The resulting nodes carry source ranges relating the node back to
* the original source characters. The source range covers the construct
* as a whole.
* </p>
* <p>
* Each AST node carries bit flags, which may convey additional information about
* the node. For instance, the parser uses a flag to indicate a syntax error.
* Newly created nodes have no flags set.
* </p>
* <p>
* Each AST node is capable of carrying an open-ended collection of
* client-defined properties. Newly created nodes have none.
* <code>getProperty</code> and <code>setProperty</code> are used to access
* these properties.
* </p>
* <p>
* AST nodes are thread-safe for readers provided there are no active writers.
* If one thread is modifying an AST, including creating new nodes or cloning
* existing ones, it is <b>not</b> safe for another thread to read, visit,
* write, create, or clone <em>any</em> of the nodes on the same AST.
* When synchronization is required, consider using the common AST
* object that owns the node; that is, use
* <code>synchronize (node.getAST()) {...}</code>.
* </p>
* <p>
* ASTs also support the visitor pattern; see the class <code>ASTVisitor</code>
* for details. The <code>NodeFinder</code> class can be used to find a specific
* node inside a tree.
* </p>
* <p>
* Compilation units created by <code>ASTParser</code> from a
* source document can be serialized after arbitrary modifications
* with minimal loss of original formatting. See
* {@link CompilationUnit#recordModifications()} for details.
* See also {@link org.eclipse.jdt.core.dom.rewrite.ASTRewrite} for
* an alternative way to describe and serialize changes to a
* read-only AST.
* </p>
*
* @see ASTParser
* @see ASTVisitor
* @see NodeFinder
* @since 2.0
* @noextend This class is not intended to be subclassed by clients.
*/
public abstract class ASTNode {
  /*
   * INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADDING NEW CONCRETE AST NODE TYPES
   *
   * There are several things that need to be changed when a
   * new concrete AST node type (call it "FooBar"):
   *
   * 1. Create the FooBar AST node type class.
   * The most effective way to do this is to copy a similar
   * existing concrete node class to get a template that
     * includes all the framework methods that must be implemented.
   *
   * 2. Add node type constant ASTNode.FOO_BAR.
   * Node constants are numbered consecutively. Add the
   * constant after the existing ones.
   *
   * 3. Add entry to ASTNode.nodeClassForType(int).
   *
   * 4. Add AST.newFooBar() factory method.
   *
   * 5. Add ASTVisitor.visit(FooBar) and endVisit(FooBar) methods.
   *
   * 6. Add ASTMatcher.match(FooBar,Object) method.
   *
   * 7. Ensure that SimpleName.isDeclaration() covers FooBar
   * nodes if required.
   *
   * 8. Add NaiveASTFlattener.visit(FooBar) method to illustrate
   * how these nodes should be serialized.
   *
   * 9. Update the AST test suites.
   *
   * The next steps are to update AST.parse* to start generating
   * the new type of nodes, and ASTRewrite to serialize them back out.
   */

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>AnonymousClassDeclaration</code>.
   * @see AnonymousClassDeclaration
   */
  public static final int ANONYMOUS_CLASS_DECLARATION = 1;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ArrayAccess</code>.
   * @see ArrayAccess
   */
  public static final int ARRAY_ACCESS = 2;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ArrayCreation</code>.
   * @see ArrayCreation
   */
  public static final int ARRAY_CREATION = 3;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ArrayInitializer</code>.
   * @see ArrayInitializer
   */
  public static final int ARRAY_INITIALIZER = 4;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ArrayType</code>.
   * @see ArrayType
   */
  public static final int ARRAY_TYPE = 5;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>AssertStatement</code>.
   * @see AssertStatement
   */
  public static final int ASSERT_STATEMENT = 6;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>Assignment</code>.
   * @see Assignment
   */
  public static final int ASSIGNMENT = 7;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>Block</code>.
   * @see Block
   */
  public static final int BLOCK = 8;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>BooleanLiteral</code>.
   * @see BooleanLiteral
   */
  public static final int BOOLEAN_LITERAL = 9;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>BreakStatement</code>.
   * @see BreakStatement
   */
  public static final int BREAK_STATEMENT = 10;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>CastExpression</code>.
   * @see CastExpression
   */
  public static final int CAST_EXPRESSION = 11;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>CatchClause</code>.
   * @see CatchClause
   */
  public static final int CATCH_CLAUSE = 12;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>CharacterLiteral</code>.
   * @see CharacterLiteral
   */
  public static final int CHARACTER_LITERAL = 13;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ClassInstanceCreation</code>.
   * @see ClassInstanceCreation
   */
  public static final int CLASS_INSTANCE_CREATION = 14;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>CompilationUnit</code>.
   * @see CompilationUnit
   */
  public static final int COMPILATION_UNIT = 15;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ConditionalExpression</code>.
   * @see ConditionalExpression
   */
  public static final int CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSION = 16;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ConstructorInvocation</code>.
   * @see ConstructorInvocation
   */
  public static final int CONSTRUCTOR_INVOCATION = 17;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ContinueStatement</code>.
   * @see ContinueStatement
   */
  public static final int CONTINUE_STATEMENT = 18;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>DoStatement</code>.
   * @see DoStatement
   */
  public static final int DO_STATEMENT = 19;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>EmptyStatement</code>.
   * @see EmptyStatement
   */
  public static final int EMPTY_STATEMENT = 20;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ExpressionStatement</code>.
   * @see ExpressionStatement
   */
  public static final int EXPRESSION_STATEMENT = 21;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>FieldAccess</code>.
   * @see FieldAccess
   */
  public static final int FIELD_ACCESS = 22;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>FieldDeclaration</code>.
   * @see FieldDeclaration
   */
  public static final int FIELD_DECLARATION = 23;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ForStatement</code>.
   * @see ForStatement
   */
  public static final int FOR_STATEMENT = 24;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>IfStatement</code>.
   * @see IfStatement
   */
  public static final int IF_STATEMENT = 25;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ImportDeclaration</code>.
   * @see ImportDeclaration
   */
  public static final int IMPORT_DECLARATION = 26;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>InfixExpression</code>.
   * @see InfixExpression
   */
  public static final int INFIX_EXPRESSION = 27;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>Initializer</code>.
   * @see Initializer
   */
  public static final int INITIALIZER = 28;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>Javadoc</code>.
   * @see Javadoc
   */
  public static final int JAVADOC = 29;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>LabeledStatement</code>.
   * @see LabeledStatement
   */
  public static final int LABELED_STATEMENT = 30;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MethodDeclaration</code>.
   * @see MethodDeclaration
   */
  public static final int METHOD_DECLARATION = 31;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MethodInvocation</code>.
   * @see MethodInvocation
   */
  public static final int METHOD_INVOCATION = 32;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>NullLiteral</code>.
   * @see NullLiteral
   */
  public static final int NULL_LITERAL = 33;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>NumberLiteral</code>.
   * @see NumberLiteral
   */
  public static final int NUMBER_LITERAL = 34;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>PackageDeclaration</code>.
   * @see PackageDeclaration
   */
  public static final int PACKAGE_DECLARATION = 35;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ParenthesizedExpression</code>.
   * @see ParenthesizedExpression
   */
  public static final int PARENTHESIZED_EXPRESSION = 36;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>PostfixExpression</code>.
   * @see PostfixExpression
   */
  public static final int POSTFIX_EXPRESSION = 37;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>PrefixExpression</code>.
   * @see PrefixExpression
   */
  public static final int PREFIX_EXPRESSION = 38;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>PrimitiveType</code>.
   * @see PrimitiveType
   */
  public static final int PRIMITIVE_TYPE = 39;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>QualifiedName</code>.
   * @see QualifiedName
   */
  public static final int QUALIFIED_NAME = 40;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ReturnStatement</code>.
   * @see ReturnStatement
   */
  public static final int RETURN_STATEMENT = 41;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SimpleName</code>.
   * @see SimpleName
   */
  public static final int SIMPLE_NAME = 42;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SimpleType</code>.
   * @see SimpleType
   */
  public static final int SIMPLE_TYPE = 43;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SingleVariableDeclaration</code>.
   * @see SingleVariableDeclaration
   */
  public static final int SINGLE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION = 44;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>StringLiteral</code>.
   * @see StringLiteral
   */
  public static final int STRING_LITERAL = 45;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SuperConstructorInvocation</code>.
   * @see SuperConstructorInvocation
   */
  public static final int SUPER_CONSTRUCTOR_INVOCATION = 46;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SuperFieldAccess</code>.
   * @see SuperFieldAccess
   */
  public static final int SUPER_FIELD_ACCESS = 47;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SuperMethodInvocation</code>.
   * @see SuperMethodInvocation
   */
  public static final int SUPER_METHOD_INVOCATION = 48;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SwitchCase</code>.
   * @see SwitchCase
   */
  public static final int SWITCH_CASE = 49;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SwitchStatement</code>.
   * @see SwitchStatement
   */
  public static final int SWITCH_STATEMENT = 50;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SynchronizedStatement</code>.
   * @see SynchronizedStatement
   */
  public static final int SYNCHRONIZED_STATEMENT = 51;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ThisExpression</code>.
   * @see ThisExpression
   */
  public static final int THIS_EXPRESSION = 52;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ThrowStatement</code>.
   * @see ThrowStatement
   */
  public static final int THROW_STATEMENT = 53;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TryStatement</code>.
   * @see TryStatement
   */
  public static final int TRY_STATEMENT = 54;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TypeDeclaration</code>.
   * @see TypeDeclaration
   */
  public static final int TYPE_DECLARATION = 55;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TypeDeclarationStatement</code>.
   * @see TypeDeclarationStatement
   */
  public static final int TYPE_DECLARATION_STATEMENT = 56;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TypeLiteral</code>.
   * @see TypeLiteral
   */
  public static final int TYPE_LITERAL = 57;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>VariableDeclarationExpression</code>.
   * @see VariableDeclarationExpression
   */
  public static final int VARIABLE_DECLARATION_EXPRESSION = 58;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>VariableDeclarationFragment</code>.
   * @see VariableDeclarationFragment
   */
  public static final int VARIABLE_DECLARATION_FRAGMENT = 59;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>VariableDeclarationStatement</code>.
   * @see VariableDeclarationStatement
   */
  public static final int VARIABLE_DECLARATION_STATEMENT = 60;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>WhileStatement</code>.
   * @see WhileStatement
   */
  public static final int WHILE_STATEMENT = 61;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>InstanceofExpression</code>.
   * @see InstanceofExpression
   */
  public static final int INSTANCEOF_EXPRESSION = 62;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>LineComment</code>.
   * @see LineComment
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int LINE_COMMENT = 63;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>BlockComment</code>.
   * @see BlockComment
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int BLOCK_COMMENT = 64;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TagElement</code>.
   * @see TagElement
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int TAG_ELEMENT = 65;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TextElement</code>.
   * @see TextElement
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int TEXT_ELEMENT = 66;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MemberRef</code>.
   * @see MemberRef
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int MEMBER_REF = 67;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MethodRef</code>.
   * @see MethodRef
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int METHOD_REF = 68;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MethodRefParameter</code>.
   * @see MethodRefParameter
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int METHOD_REF_PARAMETER = 69;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>EnhancedForStatement</code>.
   * @see EnhancedForStatement
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int ENHANCED_FOR_STATEMENT = 70;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>EnumDeclaration</code>.
   * @see EnumDeclaration
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int ENUM_DECLARATION = 71;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>EnumConstantDeclaration</code>.
   * @see EnumConstantDeclaration
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int ENUM_CONSTANT_DECLARATION = 72;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>TypeParameter</code>.
   * @see TypeParameter
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int TYPE_PARAMETER = 73;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>ParameterizedType</code>.
   * @see ParameterizedType
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int PARAMETERIZED_TYPE = 74;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>QualifiedType</code>.
   * @see QualifiedType
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int QUALIFIED_TYPE = 75;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>WildcardType</code>.
   * @see WildcardType
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int WILDCARD_TYPE = 76;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>NormalAnnotation</code>.
   * @see NormalAnnotation
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int NORMAL_ANNOTATION = 77;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MarkerAnnotation</code>.
   * @see MarkerAnnotation
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int MARKER_ANNOTATION = 78;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>SingleMemberAnnotation</code>.
   * @see SingleMemberAnnotation
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int SINGLE_MEMBER_ANNOTATION = 79;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>MemberValuePair</code>.
   * @see MemberValuePair
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int MEMBER_VALUE_PAIR = 80;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>AnnotationTypeDeclaration</code>.
   * @see AnnotationTypeDeclaration
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int ANNOTATION_TYPE_DECLARATION = 81;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>AnnotationTypeMemberDeclaration</code>.
   * @see AnnotationTypeMemberDeclaration
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int ANNOTATION_TYPE_MEMBER_DECLARATION = 82;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>Modifier</code>.
   * @see Modifier
   * @since 3.1
   */
  public static final int MODIFIER = 83;

  /**
   * Node type constant indicating a node of type
   * <code>UnionType</code>.
   * @see UnionType
   * @since 3.7.1
   */
  public static final int UNION_TYPE = 84;

  /**
   * Returns the node class for the corresponding node type.
   *
   * @param nodeType AST node type
   * @return the corresponding <code>ASTNode</code> subclass
   * @exception IllegalArgumentException if <code>nodeType</code> is
   * not a legal AST node type
   * @see #getNodeType()
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static Class nodeClassForType(int nodeType) {
    switch (nodeType) {
      case ANNOTATION_TYPE_DECLARATION :
        return AnnotationTypeDeclaration.class;
      case ANNOTATION_TYPE_MEMBER_DECLARATION :
        return AnnotationTypeMemberDeclaration.class;
      case ANONYMOUS_CLASS_DECLARATION :
        return AnonymousClassDeclaration.class;
      case ARRAY_ACCESS :
        return ArrayAccess.class;
      case ARRAY_CREATION :
        return ArrayCreation.class;
      case ARRAY_INITIALIZER :
        return ArrayInitializer.class;
      case ARRAY_TYPE :
        return ArrayType.class;
      case ASSERT_STATEMENT :
        return AssertStatement.class;
      case ASSIGNMENT :
        return Assignment.class;
      case BLOCK :
        return Block.class;
      case BLOCK_COMMENT :
        return BlockComment.class;
      case BOOLEAN_LITERAL :
        return BooleanLiteral.class;
      case BREAK_STATEMENT :
        return BreakStatement.class;
      case CAST_EXPRESSION :
        return CastExpression.class;
      case CATCH_CLAUSE :
        return CatchClause.class;
      case CHARACTER_LITERAL :
        return CharacterLiteral.class;
      case CLASS_INSTANCE_CREATION :
        return ClassInstanceCreation.class;
      case COMPILATION_UNIT :
        return CompilationUnit.class;
      case CONDITIONAL_EXPRESSION :
        return ConditionalExpression.class;
      case CONSTRUCTOR_INVOCATION :
        return ConstructorInvocation.class;
      case CONTINUE_STATEMENT :
        return ContinueStatement.class;
      case UNION_TYPE :
        return UnionType.class;
      case DO_STATEMENT :
        return DoStatement.class;
      case EMPTY_STATEMENT :
        return EmptyStatement.class;
      case ENHANCED_FOR_STATEMENT :
        return EnhancedForStatement.class;
      case ENUM_CONSTANT_DECLARATION :
        return EnumConstantDeclaration.class;
      case ENUM_DECLARATION :
        return EnumDeclaration.class;
      case EXPRESSION_STATEMENT :
        return ExpressionStatement.class;
      case FIELD_ACCESS :
        return FieldAccess.class;
      case FIELD_DECLARATION :
        return FieldDeclaration.class;
      case FOR_STATEMENT :
        return ForStatement.class;
      case IF_STATEMENT :
        return IfStatement.class;
      case IMPORT_DECLARATION :
        return ImportDeclaration.class;
      case INFIX_EXPRESSION :
        return InfixExpression.class;
      case INITIALIZER :
        return Initializer.class;
      case INSTANCEOF_EXPRESSION :
        return InstanceofExpression.class;
      case JAVADOC :
        return Javadoc.class;
      case LABELED_STATEMENT :
        return LabeledStatement.class;
      case LINE_COMMENT :
        return LineComment.class;
      case MARKER_ANNOTATION :
        return MarkerAnnotation.class;
      case MEMBER_REF :
        return MemberRef.class;
      case MEMBER_VALUE_PAIR :
        return MemberValuePair.class;
      case METHOD_DECLARATION :
        return MethodDeclaration.class;
      case METHOD_INVOCATION :
        return MethodInvocation.class;
      case METHOD_REF :
        return MethodRef.class;
      case METHOD_REF_PARAMETER :
        return MethodRefParameter.class;
      case MODIFIER :
        return Modifier.class;
      case NORMAL_ANNOTATION :
        return NormalAnnotation.class;
      case NULL_LITERAL :
        return NullLiteral.class;
      case NUMBER_LITERAL :
        return NumberLiteral.class;
      case PACKAGE_DECLARATION :
        return PackageDeclaration.class;
      case PARAMETERIZED_TYPE :
        return ParameterizedType.class;
      case PARENTHESIZED_EXPRESSION :
        return ParenthesizedExpression.class;
      case POSTFIX_EXPRESSION :
        return PostfixExpression.class;
      case PREFIX_EXPRESSION :
        return PrefixExpression.class;
      case PRIMITIVE_TYPE :
        return PrimitiveType.class;
      case QUALIFIED_NAME :
        return QualifiedName.class;
      case QUALIFIED_TYPE :
        return QualifiedType.class;
      case RETURN_STATEMENT :
        return ReturnStatement.class;
      case SIMPLE_NAME :
        return SimpleName.class;
      case SIMPLE_TYPE :
        return SimpleType.class;
      case SINGLE_MEMBER_ANNOTATION :
        return SingleMemberAnnotation.class;
      case SINGLE_VARIABLE_DECLARATION :
        return SingleVariableDeclaration.class;
      case STRING_LITERAL :
        return StringLiteral.class;
      case SUPER_CONSTRUCTOR_INVOCATION :
        return SuperConstructorInvocation.class;
      case SUPER_FIELD_ACCESS :
        return SuperFieldAccess.class;
      case SUPER_METHOD_INVOCATION :
        return SuperMethodInvocation.class;
      case SWITCH_CASE:
        return SwitchCase.class;
      case SWITCH_STATEMENT :
        return SwitchStatement.class;
      case SYNCHRONIZED_STATEMENT :
        return SynchronizedStatement.class;
      case TAG_ELEMENT :
        return TagElement.class;
      case TEXT_ELEMENT :
        return TextElement.class;
      case THIS_EXPRESSION :
        return ThisExpression.class;
      case THROW_STATEMENT :
        return ThrowStatement.class;
      case TRY_STATEMENT :
        return TryStatement.class;
      case TYPE_DECLARATION :
        return TypeDeclaration.class;
      case TYPE_DECLARATION_STATEMENT :
        return TypeDeclarationStatement.class;
      case TYPE_LITERAL :
        return TypeLiteral.class;
      case TYPE_PARAMETER :
        return TypeParameter.class;
      case VARIABLE_DECLARATION_EXPRESSION :
        return VariableDeclarationExpression.class;
      case VARIABLE_DECLARATION_FRAGMENT :
        return VariableDeclarationFragment.class;
      case VARIABLE_DECLARATION_STATEMENT :
        return VariableDeclarationStatement.class;
      case WHILE_STATEMENT :
        return WhileStatement.class;
      case WILDCARD_TYPE :
        return WildcardType.class;
    }
    throw new IllegalArgumentException();
  }

  /**
   * Owning AST.
     * <p>
     * N.B. This ia a private field, but declared as package-visible
     * for more efficient access from inner classes.
     * </p>
   */
  final AST ast;

  /**
   * Parent AST node, or <code>null</code> if this node is a root.
   * Initially <code>null</code>.
   */
  private ASTNode parent = null;

  /**
   * An unmodifiable empty map (used to implement <code>properties()</code>).
   */
  private static final Map UNMODIFIABLE_EMPTY_MAP
    = Collections.unmodifiableMap(new HashMap(1));

  /**
   * Primary field used in representing node properties efficiently.
   * If <code>null</code>, this node has no properties.
   * If a {@link String}, this is the name of this node's sole property,
   * and <code>property2</code> contains its value.
   * If a {@link Map}, this is the table of property name-value
   * mappings; <code>property2</code>, if non-null is its unmodifiable
   * equivalent.
   * Initially <code>null</code>.
   *
   * @see #property2
   */
  private Object property1 = null;

  /**
   * Auxillary field used in representing node properties efficiently.
   *
   * @see #property1
   */
  private Object property2 = null;

  /**
   * A character index into the original source string,
   * or <code>-1</code> if no source position information is available
   * for this node; <code>-1</code> by default.
   */
  private int startPosition = -1;

  /**
   * A character length, or <code>0</code> if no source position
   * information is recorded for this node; <code>0</code> by default.
   */
  private int length = 0;

  /**
   * Flag constant (bit mask, value 1) indicating that there is something
   * not quite right with this AST node.
   * <p>
   * The standard parser (<code>ASTParser</code>) sets this
   * flag on a node to indicate a syntax error detected in the vicinity.
   * </p>
   */
  public static final int MALFORMED = 1;

  /**
   * Flag constant (bit mask, value 2) indicating that this is a node
   * that was created by the parser (as opposed to one created by another
   * party).
   * <p>
   * The standard parser (<code>ASTParser</code>) sets this
   * flag on the nodes it creates.
   * </p>
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int ORIGINAL = 2;

  /**
   * Flag constant (bit mask, value 4) indicating that this node
   * is unmodifiable. When a node is marked unmodifiable, the
   * following operations result in a runtime exception:
   * <ul>
   * <li>Change a simple property of this node.</li>
   * <li>Add or remove a child node from this node.</li>
   * <li>Parent (or reparent) this node.</li>
   * </ul>
   * <p>
   * The standard parser (<code>ASTParser</code>) does not set
   * this flag on the nodes it creates. However, clients may set
   * this flag on a node to prevent further modification of the
   * its structural properties.
   * </p>
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public static final int PROTECT = 4;

  /**
   * Flag constant (bit mask, value 8) indicating that this node
   * or a part of this node is recovered from source that contains
   * a syntax error detected in the vicinity.
   * <p>
   * The standard parser (<code>ASTParser</code>) sets this
   * flag on a node to indicate a recovered node.
   * </p>
   * @since 3.2
   */
  public static final int RECOVERED = 8;

  /**
   * int containing the node type in the top 16 bits and
   * flags in the bottom 16 bits; none set by default.
     * <p>
     * N.B. This is a private field, but declared as package-visible
     * for more efficient access from inner classes.
     * </p>
   *
   * @see #MALFORMED
   */
  int typeAndFlags = 0;

  /**
   * Property of parent in which this node is a child, or <code>null</code>
   * if this node is a root. Initially <code>null</code>.
   *
   * @see #getLocationInParent
   * @since 3.0
   */
  private StructuralPropertyDescriptor location = null;

  /** Internal convenience constant indicating that there is definite risk of cycles.
   * @since 3.0
   */
  static final boolean CYCLE_RISK = true;

  /** Internal convenience constant indicating that there is no risk of cycles.
   * @since 3.0
   */
  static final boolean NO_CYCLE_RISK = false;

  /** Internal convenience constant indicating that a structural property is mandatory.
   * @since 3.0
   */
  static final boolean MANDATORY = true;

  /** Internal convenience constant indicating that a structural property is optional.
   * @since 3.0
   */
  static final boolean OPTIONAL = false;

  /**
   * A specialized implementation of a list of ASTNodes. The
   * implementation is based on an ArrayList.
   */
  class NodeList extends AbstractList {

    /**
     * The underlying list in which the nodes of this list are
     * stored (element type: {@link ASTNode}).
     * <p>
     * Be stingy on storage - assume that list will be empty.
     * </p>
     * <p>
     * This field declared default visibility (rather than private)
     * so that accesses from <code>NodeList.Cursor</code> do not require
     * a synthetic accessor method.
     * </p>
     */
    ArrayList store = new ArrayList(0);

    /**
     * The property descriptor for this list.
     */
    ChildListPropertyDescriptor propertyDescriptor;

    /**
     * A cursor for iterating over the elements of the list.
     * Does not lose its position if the list is changed during
     * the iteration.
     */
    class Cursor implements Iterator {
      /**
       * The position of the cursor between elements. If the value
       * is N, then the cursor sits between the element at positions
       * N-1 and N. Initially just before the first element of the
       * list.
       */
      private int position = 0;

      /* (non-Javadoc)
       * Method declared on <code>Iterator</code>.
       */
      public boolean hasNext() {
        return this.position < NodeList.this.store.size();
      }

      /* (non-Javadoc)
       * Method declared on <code>Iterator</code>.
       */
      public Object next() {
        Object result = NodeList.this.store.get(this.position);
        this.position++;
        return result;
        }

      /* (non-Javadoc)
       * Method declared on <code>Iterator</code>.
       */
      public void remove() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
      }

      /**
       * Adjusts this cursor to accomodate an add/remove at the given
       * index.
       *
       * @param index the position at which the element was added
       *    or removed
       * @param delta +1 for add, and -1 for remove
       */
      void update(int index, int delta) {
        if (this.position > index) {
          // the cursor has passed the added or removed element
          this.position += delta;
        }
      }
    }

    /**
     * A list of currently active cursors (element type:
     * {@link Cursor}), or <code>null</code> if there are no
     * active cursors.
     * <p>
     * It is important for storage considerations to maintain the
     * null-means-empty invariant; otherwise, every NodeList instance
     * will waste a lot of space. A cursor is needed only for the duration
     * of a visit to the child nodes. Under normal circumstances, only a
     * single cursor is needed; multiple cursors are only required if there
     * are multiple visits going on at the same time.
     * </p>
     */
    private List cursors = null;

    /**
     * Creates a new empty list of nodes owned by this node.
     * This node will be the common parent of all nodes added to
     * this list.
     *
     * @param property the property descriptor
     * @since 3.0
     */
    NodeList(ChildListPropertyDescriptor property) {
      super();
      this.propertyDescriptor = property;
    }

    /* (non-javadoc)
     * @see java.util.AbstractCollection#size()
     */
    public int size() {
      return this.store.size();
    }

    /* (non-javadoc)
     * @see AbstractList#get(int)
     */
    public Object get(int index) {
      return this.store.get(index);
    }

    /* (non-javadoc)
     * @see List#set(int, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public Object set(int index, Object element) {
        if (element == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
      if ((ASTNode.this.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
        // this node is protected => cannot gain or lose children
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      }
      // delink old child from parent, and link new child to parent
      ASTNode newChild = (ASTNode) element;
      ASTNode oldChild = (ASTNode) this.store.get(index);
      if (oldChild == newChild) {
        return oldChild;
      }
      if ((oldChild.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
        // old child is protected => cannot be unparented
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      }
      ASTNode.checkNewChild(ASTNode.this, newChild, this.propertyDescriptor.cycleRisk, this.propertyDescriptor.elementType);
      ASTNode.this.ast.preReplaceChildEvent(ASTNode.this, oldChild, newChild, this.propertyDescriptor);

      Object result = this.store.set(index, newChild);
      // n.b. setParent will call ast.modifying()
      oldChild.setParent(null, null);
      newChild.setParent(ASTNode.this, this.propertyDescriptor);
      ASTNode.this.ast.postReplaceChildEvent(ASTNode.this, oldChild, newChild, this.propertyDescriptor);
      return result;
    }

    /* (non-javadoc)
     * @see List#add(int, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void add(int index, Object element) {
        if (element == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
      if ((ASTNode.this.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
        // this node is protected => cannot gain or lose children
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      }
      // link new child to parent
      ASTNode newChild = (ASTNode) element;
      ASTNode.checkNewChild(ASTNode.this, newChild, this.propertyDescriptor.cycleRisk, this.propertyDescriptor.elementType);
      ASTNode.this.ast.preAddChildEvent(ASTNode.this, newChild, this.propertyDescriptor);


      this.store.add(index, element);
      updateCursors(index, +1);
      // n.b. setParent will call ast.modifying()
      newChild.setParent(ASTNode.this, this.propertyDescriptor);
      ASTNode.this.ast.postAddChildEvent(ASTNode.this, newChild, this.propertyDescriptor);
    }

    /* (non-javadoc)
     * @see List#remove(int)
     */
    public Object remove(int index) {
      if ((ASTNode.this.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
        // this node is protected => cannot gain or lose children
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      }
      // delink old child from parent
      ASTNode oldChild = (ASTNode) this.store.get(index);
      if ((oldChild.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
        // old child is protected => cannot be unparented
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      }

      ASTNode.this.ast.preRemoveChildEvent(ASTNode.this, oldChild, this.propertyDescriptor);
      // n.b. setParent will call ast.modifying()
      oldChild.setParent(null, null);
      Object result = this.store.remove(index);
      updateCursors(index, -1);
      ASTNode.this.ast.postRemoveChildEvent(ASTNode.this, oldChild, this.propertyDescriptor);
      return result;

    }

    /**
     * Allocate a cursor to use for a visit. The client must call
     * <code>releaseCursor</code> when done.
     * <p>
     * This method is internally synchronized on this NodeList.
     * It is thread-safe to create a cursor.
     * </p>
     *
     * @return a new cursor positioned before the first element
     *    of the list
     */
    Cursor newCursor() {
      synchronized (this) {
        // serialize cursor management on this NodeList
        if (this.cursors == null) {
          // convert null to empty list
          this.cursors = new ArrayList(1);
        }
        Cursor result = new Cursor();
        this.cursors.add(result);
        return result;
      }
    }

    /**
     * Releases the given cursor at the end of a visit.
     * <p>
     * This method is internally synchronized on this NodeList.
     * It is thread-safe to release a cursor.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param cursor the cursor
     */
    void releaseCursor(Cursor cursor) {
      synchronized (this) {
        // serialize cursor management on this NodeList
        this.cursors.remove(cursor);
        if (this.cursors.isEmpty()) {
          // important: convert empty list back to null
          // otherwise the node will hang on to needless junk
          this.cursors = null;
        }
      }
    }

    /**
     * Adjusts all cursors to accomodate an add/remove at the given
     * index.
     * <p>
     * This method is only used when the list is being modified.
     * The AST is not thread-safe if any of the clients are modifying it.
     * </p>
     *
     * @param index the position at which the element was added
     *    or removed
     * @param delta +1 for add, and -1 for remove
     */
    private synchronized void updateCursors(int index, int delta) {
      if (this.cursors == null) {
        // there are no cursors to worry about
        return;
      }
      for (Iterator it = this.cursors.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
        Cursor c = (Cursor) it.next();
        c.update(index, delta);
      }
    }

    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the memory footprint of this node list
     * instance in bytes.
       * <ul>
       * <li>1 object header for the NodeList instance</li>
       * <li>5 4-byte fields of the NodeList instance</li>
       * <li>0 for cursors since null unless walk in progress</li>
       * <li>1 object header for the ArrayList instance</li>
       * <li>2 4-byte fields of the ArrayList instance</li>
       * <li>1 object header for an Object[] instance</li>
       * <li>4 bytes in array for each element</li>
       * </ul>
      *
     * @return the size of this node list in bytes
     */
    int memSize() {
      int result = HEADERS + 5 * 4;
      result += HEADERS + 2 * 4;
      result += HEADERS + 4 * size();
      return result;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an estimate of the memory footprint in bytes of this node
     * list and all its subtrees.
     *
     * @return the size of this list of subtrees in bytes
     */
    int listSize() {
      int result = memSize();
      for (Iterator it = iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
        ASTNode child = (ASTNode) it.next();
        result += child.treeSize();
      }
      return result;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new AST node owned by the given AST. Once established,
   * the relationship between an AST node and its owning AST does not change
   * over the lifetime of the node. The new node has no parent node,
   * and no properties.
   * <p>
   * N.B. This constructor is package-private; all subclasses my be
   * declared in the same package; clients are unable to declare
   * additional subclasses.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param ast the AST that is to own this node
   */
  ASTNode(AST ast) {
    if (ast == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }

    this.ast = ast;
    setNodeType(getNodeType0());
    setFlags(ast.getDefaultNodeFlag());
    // setFlags calls modifying();
  }

  /**
   * Returns this node's AST.
   * <p>
   * Note that the relationship between an AST node and its owing AST does
   * not change over the lifetime of a node.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the AST that owns this node
   */
  public final AST getAST() {
    return this.ast;
  }

  /**
   * Returns this node's parent node, or <code>null</code> if this is the
   * root node.
   * <p>
   * Note that the relationship between an AST node and its parent node
   * may change over the lifetime of a node.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the parent of this node, or <code>null</code> if none
   */
  public final ASTNode getParent() {
    return this.parent;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the location of this node within its parent,
   * or <code>null</code> if this is a root node.
   * <p>
   * <pre>
   * ASTNode node = ...;
   * ASTNode parent = node.getParent();
   * StructuralPropertyDescriptor location = node.getLocationInParent();
   * assert (parent != null) == (location != null);
   * if ((location != null) && location.isChildProperty())
   *    assert parent.getStructuralProperty(location) == node;
   * if ((location != null) && location.isChildListProperty())
   *    assert ((List) parent.getStructuralProperty(location)).contains(node);
   * </pre>
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Note that the relationship between an AST node and its parent node
   * may change over the lifetime of a node.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the location of this node in its parent,
   * or <code>null</code> if this node has no parent
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public final StructuralPropertyDescriptor getLocationInParent() {
    return this.location;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the root node at or above this node; returns this node if
   * it is a root.
   *
   * @return the root node at or above this node
   */
  public final ASTNode getRoot() {
    ASTNode candidate = this;
    while (true) {
      ASTNode p = candidate.getParent();
      if (p == null) {
        // candidate has no parent - that's the guy
        return candidate;
      }
      candidate = p;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the value of the given structural property for this node. The value
   * returned depends on the kind of property:
   * <ul>
   * <li>{@link SimplePropertyDescriptor} - the value of the given simple property,
   * or <code>null</code> if none; primitive values are "boxed"</li>
   * <li>{@link ChildPropertyDescriptor} - the child node (type <code>ASTNode</code>),
   * or <code>null</code> if none</li>
   * <li>{@link ChildListPropertyDescriptor} - the list (element type: {@link ASTNode})</li>
   * </ul>
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @return the value, or <code>null</code> if none
   * @exception RuntimeException if this node does not have the given property
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public final Object getStructuralProperty(StructuralPropertyDescriptor property) {
    if (property instanceof SimplePropertyDescriptor) {
      SimplePropertyDescriptor p = (SimplePropertyDescriptor) property;
      if (p.getValueType() == int.class) {
        int result = internalGetSetIntProperty(p, true, 0);
        return new Integer(result);
      } else if (p.getValueType() == boolean.class) {
        boolean result = internalGetSetBooleanProperty(p, true, false);
        return Boolean.valueOf(result);
      } else {
        return internalGetSetObjectProperty(p, true, null);
      }
    }
    if (property instanceof ChildPropertyDescriptor) {
      return internalGetSetChildProperty((ChildPropertyDescriptor) property, true, null);
    }
    if (property instanceof ChildListPropertyDescriptor) {
      return internalGetChildListProperty((ChildListPropertyDescriptor) property);
    }
    throw new IllegalArgumentException();
  }

  /**
   * Sets the value of the given structural property for this node. The value
   * passed depends on the kind of property:
   * <ul>
   * <li>{@link SimplePropertyDescriptor} - the new value of the given simple property,
   * or <code>null</code> if none; primitive values are "boxed"</li>
   * <li>{@link ChildPropertyDescriptor} - the new child node (type <code>ASTNode</code>),
   * or <code>null</code> if none</li>
   * <li>{@link ChildListPropertyDescriptor} - not allowed</li>
   * </ul>
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @param value the property value
   * @exception RuntimeException if this node does not have the
   * given property, or if the given property cannot be set
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public final void setStructuralProperty(StructuralPropertyDescriptor property, Object value) {
    if (property instanceof SimplePropertyDescriptor) {
      SimplePropertyDescriptor p = (SimplePropertyDescriptor) property;
      if (p.getValueType() == int.class) {
        int arg = ((Integer) value).intValue();
        internalGetSetIntProperty(p, false, arg);
        return;
      } else if (p.getValueType() == boolean.class) {
        boolean arg = ((Boolean) value).booleanValue();
        internalGetSetBooleanProperty(p, false, arg);
        return;
      } else {
        if (value == null && p.isMandatory()) {
          throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        internalGetSetObjectProperty(p, false, value);
        return;
      }
    }
    if (property instanceof ChildPropertyDescriptor) {
      ChildPropertyDescriptor p = (ChildPropertyDescriptor) property;
      ASTNode child = (ASTNode) value;
      if (child == null && p.isMandatory()) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException();
      }
      internalGetSetChildProperty(p, false, child);
      return;
    }
    if (property instanceof ChildListPropertyDescriptor) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot set the list of child list property")//$NON-NLS-1$
    }
  }

  /**
   * Sets the value of the given int-valued property for this node.
   * The default implementation of this method throws an exception explaining
   * that this node does not have such a property. This method should be
   * extended in subclasses that have at leasy one simple property whose value
   * type is int.
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @param get <code>true</code> for a get operation, and
   * <code>false</code> for a set operation
   * @param value the new property value; ignored for get operations
   * @return the value; always returns
   * <code>0</code> for set operations
   * @exception RuntimeException if this node does not have the
   * given property, or if the given value cannot be set as specified
   * @since 3.0
   */
  int internalGetSetIntProperty(SimplePropertyDescriptor property, boolean get, int value) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Node does not have this property")//$NON-NLS-1$
  }

  /**
   * Sets the value of the given boolean-valued property for this node.
   * The default implementation of this method throws an exception explaining
   * that this node does not have such a property. This method should be
   * extended in subclasses that have at leasy one simple property whose value
   * type is boolean.
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @param get <code>true</code> for a get operation, and
   * <code>false</code> for a set operation
   * @param value the new property value; ignored for get operations
   * @return the value; always returns
   * <code>false</code> for set operations
   * @exception RuntimeException if this node does not have the
   * given property, or if the given value cannot be set as specified
   * @since 3.0
   */
  boolean internalGetSetBooleanProperty(SimplePropertyDescriptor property, boolean get, boolean value) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Node does not have this property")//$NON-NLS-1$
  }

  /**
   * Sets the value of the given property for this node.
   * The default implementation of this method throws an exception explaining
   * that this node does not have such a property. This method should be
   * extended in subclasses that have at leasy one simple property whose value
   * type is a reference type.
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @param get <code>true</code> for a get operation, and
   * <code>false</code> for a set operation
   * @param value the new property value, or <code>null</code> if none;
   * ignored for get operations
   * @return the value, or <code>null</code> if none; always returns
   * <code>null</code> for set operations
   * @exception RuntimeException if this node does not have the
   * given property, or if the given value cannot be set as specified
   * @since 3.0
   */
  Object internalGetSetObjectProperty(SimplePropertyDescriptor property, boolean get, Object value) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Node does not have this property")//$NON-NLS-1$
  }

  /**
   * Sets the child value of the given property for this node.
   * The default implementation of this method throws an exception explaining
   * that this node does not have such a property. This method should be
   * extended in subclasses that have at leasy one child property.
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @param get <code>true</code> for a get operation, and
   * <code>false</code> for a set operation
   * @param child the new child value, or <code>null</code> if none;
   * always <code>null</code> for get operations
   * @return the child, or <code>null</code> if none; always returns
   * <code>null</code> for set operations
   * @exception RuntimeException if this node does not have the
   * given property, or if the given child cannot be set as specified
   * @since 3.0
   */
  ASTNode internalGetSetChildProperty(ChildPropertyDescriptor property, boolean get, ASTNode child) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Node does not have this property")//$NON-NLS-1$
  }

  /**
   * Returns the list value of the given property for this node.
   * The default implementation of this method throws an exception explaining
   * that this noed does not have such a property. This method should be
   * extended in subclasses that have at leasy one child list property.
   *
   * @param property the property
   * @return the list (element type: {@link ASTNode})
   * @exception RuntimeException if the given node does not have the
   * given property
   * @since 3.0
   */
  List internalGetChildListProperty(ChildListPropertyDescriptor property) {
    throw new RuntimeException("Node does not have this property")//$NON-NLS-1$
  }

  /**
   * Returns a list of structural property descriptors for nodes of the
   * same type as this node. Clients must not modify the result.
   * <p>
   * Note that property descriptors are a meta-level mechanism
   * for manipulating ASTNodes in a generic way. They are
   * unrelated to <code>get/setProperty</code>.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return a list of property descriptors (element type:
   * {@link StructuralPropertyDescriptor})
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public final List structuralPropertiesForType() {
    return internalStructuralPropertiesForType(this.ast.apiLevel);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a list of property descriptors for this node type.
   * Clients must not modify the result. This abstract method
   * must be implemented in each concrete AST node type.
   * <p>
   * N.B. This method is package-private, so that the implementations
   * of this method in each of the concrete AST node types do not
   * clutter up the API doc.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param apiLevel the API level; one of the <code>AST.JLS*</code> constants
   * @return a list of property descriptors (element type:
   * {@link StructuralPropertyDescriptor})
   * @since 3.0
   */
  abstract List internalStructuralPropertiesForType(int apiLevel);

  /**
   * Internal helper method that starts the building a list of
   * property descriptors for the given node type.
   *
   * @param nodeClass the class for a concrete node type
   * @param propertyList empty list
   */
  static void createPropertyList(Class nodeClass, List propertyList) {
    // stuff nodeClass at head of list for future ref
    propertyList.add(nodeClass);
  }

  /**
   * Internal helper method that adding a property descriptor.
   *
   * @param property the structural property descriptor
   * @param propertyList list beginning with the AST node class
   * followed by accumulated structural property descriptors
   */
  static void addProperty(StructuralPropertyDescriptor property, List propertyList) {
    Class nodeClass = (Class) propertyList.get(0);
    if (property.getNodeClass() != nodeClass) {
      // easily made cut-and-paste mistake
      throw new RuntimeException("Structural property descriptor has wrong node class!")//$NON-NLS-1$
    }
    propertyList.add(property);
  }

  /**
   * Internal helper method that completes the building of
   * a node type's structural property descriptor list.
   *
   * @param propertyList list beginning with the AST node class
   * followed by accumulated structural property descriptors
   * @return unmodifiable list of structural property descriptors
   * (element type: {@link StructuralPropertyDescriptor})
   */
  static List reapPropertyList(List propertyList) {
    propertyList.remove(0); // remove nodeClass
    // compact
    ArrayList a = new ArrayList(propertyList.size());
    a.addAll(propertyList);
    return Collections.unmodifiableList(a);
  }

  /**
     * Checks that this AST operation is not used when
     * building JLS2 level ASTs.
     * <p>
     * Use this method to prevent access to new properties that have been added in JLS3.
     * </p>
     *
     * @exception UnsupportedOperationException
   * @since 3.0
     */
  final void unsupportedIn2() {
    if (this.ast.apiLevel == AST.JLS2_INTERNAL) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Operation not supported in JLS2 AST"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
  }

  /**
     * Checks that this AST operation is not used when
     * building JLS2 or JLS3 level ASTs.
     * <p>
     * Use this method to prevent access to new properties that have been added in JLS4.
     * </p>
     *
   * @exception UnsupportedOperationException
   * @since 3.7
   */
  final void unsupportedIn2_3() {
    if (this.ast.apiLevel <= AST.JLS3) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Operation only supported in JLS4 AST"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
  }
 
  /**
     * Checks that this AST operation is only used when
     * building JLS2 level ASTs.
     * <p>
     * Use this method to prevent access to deprecated properties (deprecated in JLS3).
     * </p>
     *
     * @exception UnsupportedOperationException
   * @since 3.0
     */
  final void supportedOnlyIn2() {
    if (this.ast.apiLevel != AST.JLS2_INTERNAL) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Operation only supported in JLS2 AST"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
  }

  /**
   * Sets or clears this node's parent node and location.
   * <p>
   * Note that this method is package-private. The pointer from a node
   * to its parent is set implicitly as a side effect of inserting or
   * removing the node as a child of another node. This method calls
   * <code>ast.modifying()</code>.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param parent the new parent of this node, or <code>null</code> if none
   * @param property the location of this node in its parent,
   * or <code>null</code> if <code>parent</code> is <code>null</code>
   * @see #getLocationInParent
   * @see #getParent
   * @since 3.0
   */
  final void setParent(ASTNode parent, StructuralPropertyDescriptor property) {
    this.ast.modifying();
    this.parent = parent;
    this.location = property;
  }

  /**
   * Removes this node from its parent. Has no effect if this node
   * is unparented. If this node appears as an element of a child list
   * property of its parent, then this node is removed from the
   * list using <code>List.remove</code>.
   * If this node appears as the value of a child property of its
   * parent, then this node is detached from its parent
   * by passing <code>null</code> to the appropriate setter method;
   * this operation fails if this node is in a mandatory property.
   *
   * @since 3.0
   */
  public final void delete() {
    StructuralPropertyDescriptor p = getLocationInParent();
    if (p == null) {
      // node is unparented
      return;
    }
    if (p.isChildProperty()) {
      getParent().setStructuralProperty(this.location, null);
      return;
    }
    if (p.isChildListProperty()) {
      List l = (List) getParent().getStructuralProperty(this.location);
      l.remove(this);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Checks whether the given new child node is a node
   * in a different AST from its parent-to-be, whether it is
   * already has a parent, whether adding it to its
   * parent-to-be would create a cycle, and whether the child is of
   * the right type. The parent-to-be is the enclosing instance.
   *
   * @param node the parent-to-be node
   * @param newChild the new child of the parent
   * @param cycleCheck <code>true</code> if cycles are possible and need
   *   to be checked, <code>false</code> if cycles are impossible and do
   *   not need to be checked
   * @param nodeType a type constraint on child nodes, or <code>null</code>
   *   if no special check is required
   * @exception IllegalArgumentException if:
   * <ul>
   * <li>the child is null</li>
   * <li>the node belongs to a different AST</li>
   * <li>the child has the incorrect node type</li>
   * <li>the node already has a parent</li>
   * <li>a cycle in would be created</li>
   * </ul>
   */
  static void checkNewChild(ASTNode node, ASTNode newChild,
      boolean cycleCheck, Class nodeType) {
    if (newChild.ast != node.ast) {
      // new child is from a different AST
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    if (newChild.getParent() != null) {
      // new child currently has a different parent
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    if (cycleCheck && newChild == node.getRoot()) {
      // inserting new child would create a cycle
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    Class childClass = newChild.getClass();
    if (nodeType != null && !nodeType.isAssignableFrom(childClass)) {
      // new child is not of the right type
      throw new ClassCastException();
    }
    if ((newChild.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
      // new child node is protected => cannot be parented
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
  }

  /**
     * Prelude portion of the "3 step program" for replacing the
   * old child of this node with another node.
     * Here is the code pattern found in all AST node subclasses:
     * <pre>
     * ASTNode oldChild = this.foo;
     * preReplaceChild(oldChild, newFoo, FOO_PROPERTY);
     * this.foo = newFoo;
     * postReplaceChild(oldChild, newFoo, FOO_PROPERTY);
     * </pre>
     * The first part (preReplaceChild) does all the precondition checks,
     * reports pre-delete events, and changes parent links.
   * The old child is delinked from its parent (making it a root node),
   * and the new child node is linked to its parent. The new child node
   * must be a root node in the same AST as its new parent, and must not
   * be an ancestor of this node. All three nodes must be
     * modifiable (not PROTECTED). The replace operation must fail
     * atomically; so it is crucial that all precondition checks
     * be done before any linking and delinking happens.
     * The final part (postReplaceChild )reports post-add events.
   * <p>
   * This method calls <code>ast.modifying()</code> for the nodes affected.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param oldChild the old child of this node, or <code>null</code> if
   *   there was no old child to replace
   * @param newChild the new child of this node, or <code>null</code> if
   *   there is no replacement child
   * @param property the property descriptor of this node describing
     * the relationship between node and child
   * @exception RuntimeException if:
   * <ul>
   * <li>the node belongs to a different AST</li>
   * <li>the node already has a parent</li>
   * <li>a cycle in would be created</li>
   * <li>any of the nodes involved are unmodifiable</li>
   * </ul>
   * @since 3.0
   */
  final void preReplaceChild(ASTNode oldChild, ASTNode newChild, ChildPropertyDescriptor property) {
    if ((this.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
      // this node is protected => cannot gain or lose children
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
    if (newChild != null) {
      checkNewChild(this, newChild, property.cycleRisk, null);
    }
    // delink old child from parent
    if (oldChild != null) {
      if ((oldChild.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
        // old child node is protected => cannot be unparented
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      }
      if (newChild != null) {
        this.ast.preReplaceChildEvent(this, oldChild, newChild, property);
      } else {
        this.ast.preRemoveChildEvent(this, oldChild, property);
      }
      oldChild.setParent(null, null);
    } else {
      if(newChild != null) {
        this.ast.preAddChildEvent(this, newChild, property);
      }
    }
    // link new child to parent
    if (newChild != null) {
      newChild.setParent(this, property);
      // cannot notify postAddChildEvent until parent is linked to child too
    }
  }

  /**
     * Postlude portion of the "3 step program" for replacing the
   * old child of this node with another node.
     * See {@link #preReplaceChild(ASTNode, ASTNode, ChildPropertyDescriptor)}
     * for details.
   * @since 3.0
   */
  final void postReplaceChild(ASTNode oldChild, ASTNode newChild, ChildPropertyDescriptor property) {
    // link new child to parent
    if (newChild != null) {
      if (oldChild != null) {
        this.ast.postReplaceChildEvent(this, oldChild, newChild, property);
      } else {
        this.ast.postAddChildEvent(this, newChild, property);
      }
    } else {
      this.ast.postRemoveChildEvent(this, oldChild, property);
    }
  }

  /**
     * Prelude portion of the "3 step program" for changing the
   * value of a simple property of this node.
     * Here is the code pattern found in all AST node subclasses:
     * <pre>
     * preValueChange(FOO_PROPERTY);
     * this.foo = newFoo;
     * postValueChange(FOO_PROPERTY);
     * </pre>
     * The first part (preValueChange) does the precondition check
     * to make sure the node is modifiable (not PROTECTED).
     * The change operation must fail atomically; so it is crucial
     * that the precondition checks are done before the field is
     * hammered. The final part (postValueChange)reports post-change
     * events.
   * <p>
   * This method calls <code>ast.modifying()</code> for the node affected.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param property the property descriptor of this node
   * @exception RuntimeException if:
   * <ul>
   * <li>this node is unmodifiable</li>
   * </ul>
   * @since 3.0
   */
  final void preValueChange(SimplePropertyDescriptor property) {
    if ((this.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
      // this node is protected => cannot change valure of properties
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
    this.ast.preValueChangeEvent(this, property);
    this.ast.modifying();
  }

  /**
     * Postlude portion of the "3 step program" for replacing the
   * old child of this node with another node.
     * See {@link #preValueChange(SimplePropertyDescriptor)} for details.
   * @since 3.0
   */
  final void postValueChange(SimplePropertyDescriptor property) {
    this.ast.postValueChangeEvent(this, property);
  }

  /**
     * Ensures that this node is modifiable (that is, not marked PROTECTED).
     * If successful, calls ast.modifying().
     * @exception RuntimeException is not modifiable
     */
  final void checkModifiable() {
    if ((this.typeAndFlags & PROTECT) != 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("AST node cannot be modified"); //$NON-NLS-1$
    }
    this.ast.modifying();
  }

  /**
     * Begin lazy initialization of this node.
     * Here is the code pattern found in all AST
     * node subclasses:
     * <pre>
     * if (this.foo == null) {
   *    // lazy init must be thread-safe for readers
     *    synchronized (this) {
     *       if (this.foo == null) {
     *          preLazyInit();
     *          this.foo = ...; // code to create new node
     *          postLazyInit(this.foo, FOO_PROPERTY);
     *       }
     *    }
     * }
     * </pre>
     * @since 3.0
     */
  final void preLazyInit() {
    // IMPORTANT: this method is called by readers
    // ASTNode.this is locked at this point
    this.ast.disableEvents();
    // will turn events back on in postLasyInit
  }

  /**
     * End lazy initialization of this node.
     *
   * @param newChild the new child of this node, or <code>null</code> if
   *   there is no replacement child
   * @param property the property descriptor of this node describing
     * the relationship between node and child
     * @since 3.0
     */
  final void postLazyInit(ASTNode newChild, ChildPropertyDescriptor property) {
    // IMPORTANT: this method is called by readers
    // ASTNode.this is locked at this point
    // newChild is brand new (so no chance of concurrent access)
    newChild.setParent(this, property);
    // turn events back on (they were turned off in corresponding preLazyInit)
    this.ast.reenableEvents();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the value of the named property of this node, or <code>null</code> if none.
   *
   * @param propertyName the property name
   * @return the property value, or <code>null</code> if none
   * @see #setProperty(String,Object)
   */
  public final Object getProperty(String propertyName) {
    if (propertyName == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    if (this.property1 == null) {
      // node has no properties at all
      return null;
    }
    if (this.property1 instanceof String) {
      // node has only a single property
      if (propertyName.equals(this.property1)) {
        return this.property2;
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }
    // otherwise node has table of properties
    Map m = (Map) this.property1;
    return m.get(propertyName);
  }

  /**
   * Sets the named property of this node to the given value,
   * or to <code>null</code> to clear it.
   * <p>
   * Clients should employ property names that are sufficiently unique
   * to avoid inadvertent conflicts with other clients that might also be
   * setting properties on the same node.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Note that modifying a property is not considered a modification to the
   * AST itself. This is to allow clients to decorate existing nodes with
   * their own properties without jeopardizing certain things (like the
   * validity of bindings), which rely on the underlying tree remaining static.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param propertyName the property name
   * @param data the new property value, or <code>null</code> if none
   * @see #getProperty(String)
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the given property name is <code>null</code>
   */
  public final void setProperty(String propertyName, Object data) {
    if (propertyName == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    // N.B. DO NOT CALL ast.modifying();

    if (this.property1 == null) {
      // node has no properties at all
      if (data == null) {
        // we already know this
        return;
      }
      // node gets its fist property
      this.property1 = propertyName;
      this.property2 = data;
      return;
    }

    if (this.property1 instanceof String) {
      // node has only a single property
      if (propertyName.equals(this.property1)) {
        // we're in luck
        if (data == null) {
          // just deleted last property
          this.property1 = null;
          this.property2 = null;
        } else {
          this.property2 = data;
        }
        return;
      }
      if (data == null) {
        // we already know this
        return;
      }
      // node already has one property - getting its second
      // convert to more flexible representation
      Map m = new HashMap(3);
      m.put(this.property1, this.property2);
      m.put(propertyName, data);
      this.property1 = m;
      this.property2 = null;
      return;
    }

    // node has two or more properties
    Map m = (Map) this.property1;
    if (data == null) {
      m.remove(propertyName);
      // check for just one property left
      if (m.size() == 1) {
        // convert to more efficient representation
        Map.Entry[] entries = (Map.Entry[]) m.entrySet().toArray(new Map.Entry[1]);
        this.property1 = entries[0].getKey();
        this.property2 = entries[0].getValue();
      }
      return;
    } else {
      m.put(propertyName, data);
      // still has two or more properties
      return;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns an unmodifiable table of the properties of this node with
   * non-<code>null</code> values.
   *
   * @return the table of property values keyed by property name
   *   (key type: <code>String</code>; value type: <code>Object</code>)
   */
  public final Map properties() {
    if (this.property1 == null) {
      // node has no properties at all
      return UNMODIFIABLE_EMPTY_MAP;
    }
    if (this.property1 instanceof String) {
      // node has a single property
      return Collections.singletonMap(this.property1, this.property2);
    }

    // node has two or more properties
    if (this.property2 == null) {
      this.property2 = Collections.unmodifiableMap((Map) this.property1);
    }
    // property2 is unmodifiable wrapper for map in property1
    return (Map) this.property2;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the flags associated with this node.
   * <p>
   * No flags are associated with newly created nodes.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The flags are the bitwise-or of individual flags.
   * The following flags are currently defined:
   * <ul>
   * <li>{@link #MALFORMED} - indicates node is syntactically
   *   malformed</li>
   * <li>{@link #ORIGINAL} - indicates original node
   * created by ASTParser</li>
   * <li>{@link #PROTECT} - indicates node is protected
   * from further modification</li>
   * <li>{@link #RECOVERED} - indicates node or a part of this node
   *  is recovered from source that contains a syntax error</li>
   * </ul>
   * Other bit positions are reserved for future use.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the bitwise-or of individual flags
   * @see #setFlags(int)
   */
  public final int getFlags() {
    return this.typeAndFlags & 0xFFFF;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the flags associated with this node to the given value.
   * <p>
   * The flags are the bitwise-or of individual flags.
   * The following flags are currently defined:
   * <ul>
   * <li>{@link #MALFORMED} - indicates node is syntactically
   *   malformed</li>
   * <li>{@link #ORIGINAL} - indicates original node
   * created by ASTParser</li>
   * <li>{@link #PROTECT} - indicates node is protected
   * from further modification</li>
   * <li>{@link #RECOVERED} - indicates node or a part of this node
   *  is recovered from source that contains a syntax error</li>
   * </ul>
   * Other bit positions are reserved for future use.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * Note that the flags are <em>not</em> considered a structural
   * property of the node, and can be changed even if the
   * node is marked as protected.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param flags the bitwise-or of individual flags
   * @see #getFlags()
   */
  public final void setFlags(int flags) {
    this.ast.modifying();
    int old = this.typeAndFlags & 0xFFFF0000;
    this.typeAndFlags = old | (flags & 0xFFFF);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an integer value identifying the type of this concrete AST node.
   * The values are small positive integers, suitable for use in switch statements.
   * <p>
   * For each concrete node type there is a unique node type constant (name
   * and value). The unique node type constant for a concrete node type such as
   * <code>CastExpression</code> is <code>ASTNode.CAST_EXPRESSION</code>.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return one of the node type constants
   */
  public final int getNodeType() {
    return this.typeAndFlags >>> 16;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the integer value identifying the type of this concrete AST node.
   * The values are small positive integers, suitable for use in switch statements.
   *
   * @param nodeType one of the node type constants
   */
  private void setNodeType(int nodeType) {
    int old = this.typeAndFlags & 0xFFFF0000;
    this.typeAndFlags = old | (nodeType << 16);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an integer value identifying the type of this concrete AST node.
   * <p>
   * This internal method is implemented in each of the
   * concrete node subclasses.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return one of the node type constants
   */
  abstract int getNodeType0();

  /**
   * The <code>ASTNode</code> implementation of this <code>Object</code>
   * method uses object identity (==). Use <code>subtreeMatch</code> to
   * compare two subtrees for equality.
   *
   * @param obj {@inheritDoc}
   * @return {@inheritDoc}
   * @see #subtreeMatch(ASTMatcher matcher, Object other)
   */
  public final boolean equals(Object obj) {
    return this == obj; // equivalent to Object.equals
  }

  /*
   * (non-Javadoc)
   * This makes it consistent with the fact that a equals methods has been provided.
   * @see java.lang.Object#hashCode()
   */
  public final int hashCode() {
    return super.hashCode();
  }

  /**
   * Returns whether the subtree rooted at the given node matches the
   * given other object as decided by the given matcher.
   *
   * @param matcher the matcher
   * @param other the other object, or <code>null</code>
   * @return <code>true</code> if the subtree matches, or
   * <code>false</code> if they do not match
   */
  public final boolean subtreeMatch(ASTMatcher matcher, Object other) {
    return subtreeMatch0(matcher, other);
  }

  /**
   * Returns whether the subtree rooted at the given node matches the
   * given other object as decided by the given matcher.
   * <p>
   * This internal method is implemented in each of the
   * concrete node subclasses.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param matcher the matcher
   * @param other the other object, or <code>null</code>
   * @return <code>true</code> if the subtree matches, or
   * <code>false</code> if they do not match
   */
  abstract boolean subtreeMatch0(ASTMatcher matcher, Object other);

  /**
   * Returns a deep copy of the subtree of AST nodes rooted at the
   * given node. The resulting nodes are owned by the given AST,
   * which may be different from the ASTs of the given node.
   * Even if the given node has a parent, the result node will be unparented.
   * <p>
   * Source range information on the original nodes is automatically copied to the new
   * nodes. Client properties (<code>properties</code>) are not carried over.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * The node's <code>AST</code> and the target <code>AST</code> must support
     * the same API level.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param target the AST that is to own the nodes in the result
   * @param node the node to copy, or <code>null</code> if none
   * @return the copied node, or <code>null</code> if <code>node</code>
   *    is <code>null</code>
   */
  public static ASTNode copySubtree(AST target, ASTNode node) {
    if (node == null) {
      return null;
    }
    if (target == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    if (target.apiLevel() != node.getAST().apiLevel()) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
    }
    ASTNode newNode = node.clone(target);
    return newNode;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a deep copy of the subtrees of AST nodes rooted at the
   * given list of nodes. The resulting nodes are owned by the given AST,
   * which may be different from the ASTs of the nodes in the list.
   * Even if the nodes in the list have parents, the nodes in the result
   * will be unparented.
   * <p>
   * Source range information on the original nodes is automatically copied to the new
   * nodes. Client properties (<code>properties</code>) are not carried over.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param target the AST that is to own the nodes in the result
   * @param nodes the list of nodes to copy
   *    (element type: {@link ASTNode})
   * @return the list of copied subtrees
   *    (element type: {@link ASTNode})
   */
  public static List copySubtrees(AST target, List nodes) {
    List result = new ArrayList(nodes.size());
    for (Iterator it = nodes.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
      ASTNode oldNode = (ASTNode) it.next();
      ASTNode newNode = oldNode.clone(target);
      result.add(newNode);
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a deep copy of the subtree of AST nodes rooted at this node.
   * The resulting nodes are owned by the given AST, which may be different
   * from the AST of this node. Even if this node has a parent, the
   * result node will be unparented.
   * <p>
   * This method reports pre- and post-clone events, and dispatches
   * to <code>clone0(AST)</code> which is reimplemented in node subclasses.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param target the AST that is to own the nodes in the result
   * @return the root node of the copies subtree
   */
  final ASTNode clone(AST target) {
    this.ast.preCloneNodeEvent(this);
    ASTNode c = clone0(target);
    this.ast.postCloneNodeEvent(this, c);
    return c;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a deep copy of the subtree of AST nodes rooted at this node.
   * The resulting nodes are owned by the given AST, which may be different
   * from the AST of this node. Even if this node has a parent, the
   * result node will be unparented.
   * <p>
   * This method must be implemented in subclasses.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * This method does not report pre- and post-clone events.
   * All callers should instead call <code>clone(AST)</code>
   * to ensure that pre- and post-clone events are reported.
   * </p>
   * <p>
   * N.B. This method is package-private, so that the implementations
   * of this method in each of the concrete AST node types do not
   * clutter up the API doc.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param target the AST that is to own the nodes in the result
   * @return the root node of the copies subtree
   */
  abstract ASTNode clone0(AST target);

  /**
   * Accepts the given visitor on a visit of the current node.
   *
   * @param visitor the visitor object
   * @exception IllegalArgumentException if the visitor is null
   */
  public final void accept(ASTVisitor visitor) {
    if (visitor == null) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    // begin with the generic pre-visit
    if (visitor.preVisit2(this)) {
      // dynamic dispatch to internal method for type-specific visit/endVisit
      accept0(visitor);
    }
    // end with the generic post-visit
    visitor.postVisit(this);
  }

  /**
   * Accepts the given visitor on a type-specific visit of the current node.
   * This method must be implemented in all concrete AST node types.
   * <p>
   * General template for implementation on each concrete ASTNode class:
   * <pre>
   * <code>
   * boolean visitChildren = visitor.visit(this);
   * if (visitChildren) {
   *    // visit children in normal left to right reading order
   *    acceptChild(visitor, getProperty1());
   *    acceptChildren(visitor, rawListProperty);
   *    acceptChild(visitor, getProperty2());
   * }
   * visitor.endVisit(this);
   * </code>
   * </pre>
   * Note that the caller (<code>accept</code>) take cares of invoking
   * <code>visitor.preVisit(this)</code> and <code>visitor.postVisit(this)</code>.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param visitor the visitor object
   */
  abstract void accept0(ASTVisitor visitor);

  /**
   * Accepts the given visitor on a visit of the current node.
   * <p>
   * This method should be used by the concrete implementations of
   * <code>accept0</code> to traverse optional properties. Equivalent
   * to <code>child.accept(visitor)</code> if <code>child</code>
   * is not <code>null</code>.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param visitor the visitor object
   * @param child the child AST node to dispatch too, or <code>null</code>
   *    if none
   */
  final void acceptChild(ASTVisitor visitor, ASTNode child) {
    if (child == null) {
      return;
    }
    child.accept(visitor);
  }

  /**
   * Accepts the given visitor on a visit of the given live list of
   * child nodes.
   * <p>
   * This method must be used by the concrete implementations of
   * <code>accept</code> to traverse list-values properties; it
   * encapsulates the proper handling of on-the-fly changes to the list.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param visitor the visitor object
   * @param children the child AST node to dispatch too, or <code>null</code>
   *    if none
   */
  final void acceptChildren(ASTVisitor visitor, ASTNode.NodeList children) {
    // use a cursor to keep track of where we are up to
    // (the list may be changing under foot)
    NodeList.Cursor cursor = children.newCursor();
    try {
      while (cursor.hasNext()) {
        ASTNode child = (ASTNode) cursor.next();
        child.accept(visitor);
      }
    } finally {
      children.releaseCursor(cursor);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the character index into the original source file indicating
   * where the source fragment corresponding to this node begins.
   * <p>
   * The parser supplies useful well-defined source ranges to the nodes it creates.
   * See {@link ASTParser#setKind(int)} for details
   * on precisely where source ranges begin and end.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the 0-based character index, or <code>-1</code>
   *    if no source position information is recorded for this node
   * @see #getLength()
   * @see ASTParser
   */
  public final int getStartPosition() {
    return this.startPosition;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the length in characters of the original source file indicating
   * where the source fragment corresponding to this node ends.
   * <p>
   * The parser supplies useful well-defined source ranges to the nodes it creates.
   * See {@link ASTParser#setKind(int)} methods for details
   * on precisely where source ranges begin and end.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return a (possibly 0) length, or <code>0</code>
   *    if no source position information is recorded for this node
   * @see #getStartPosition()
   * @see ASTParser
   */
  public final int getLength() {
    return this.length;
  }

  /**
   * Sets the source range of the original source file where the source
   * fragment corresponding to this node was found.
   * <p>
   * See {@link ASTParser#setKind(int)} for details
   * on precisely where source ranges are supposed to begin and end.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param startPosition a 0-based character index,
   *    or <code>-1</code> if no source position information is
   *    available for this node
   * @param length a (possibly 0) length,
   *    or <code>0</code> if no source position information is recorded
   *    for this node
   * @see #getStartPosition()
   * @see #getLength()
   * @see ASTParser
   */
  public final void setSourceRange(int startPosition, int length) {
    if (startPosition >= 0 && length < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    if (startPosition < 0 && length != 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
    }
    // source positions are not considered a structural property
    // but we protect them nevertheless
    checkModifiable();
    this.startPosition = startPosition;
    this.length = length;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a string representation of this node suitable for debugging
   * purposes only.
   *
   * @return a debug string
   */
  public final String toString() {
    StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
    int p = buffer.length();
    try {
      appendDebugString(buffer);
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
      // since debugger sometimes call toString methods, problems can easily happen when
      // toString is called on an instance that is being initialized
      buffer.setLength(p);
      buffer.append("!"); //$NON-NLS-1$
      buffer.append(standardToString());
    }
    return buffer.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns the string representation of this node produced by the standard
   * <code>Object.toString</code> method.
   *
   * @return a debug string
   */
  final String standardToString() {
    return super.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Appends a debug representation of this node to the given string buffer.
   * <p>
   * The <code>ASTNode</code> implementation of this method prints out the entire
   * subtree. Subclasses may override to provide a more succinct representation.
   * </p>
   *
   * @param buffer the string buffer to append to
   */
  void appendDebugString(StringBuffer buffer) {
    // print the subtree by default
    appendPrintString(buffer);
  }

  /**
   * Appends a standard Java source code representation of this subtree to the given
   * string buffer.
   *
   * @param buffer the string buffer to append to
   */
  final void appendPrintString(StringBuffer buffer) {
    NaiveASTFlattener printer = new NaiveASTFlattener();
    accept(printer);
    buffer.append(printer.getResult());
  }

  /**
   * Estimate of size of an object header in bytes.
   */
  static final int HEADERS = 12;

  /**
   * Approximate base size of an AST node instance in bytes,
   * including object header and instance fields.
   * That is, HEADERS + (# instance vars in ASTNode)*4.
   */
  static final int BASE_NODE_SIZE = HEADERS + 7 * 4;

  /**
   * Returns an estimate of the memory footprint, in bytes,
   * of the given string.
   *
   * @param string the string to measure, or <code>null</code>
   * @return the size of this string object in bytes, or
   *   0 if the string is <code>null</code>
     * @since 3.0
   */
  static int stringSize(String string) {
    int size = 0;
    if (string != null) {
      // Strings usually have 4 instance fields, one of which is a char[]
      size += HEADERS + 4 * 4;
      // char[] has 2 bytes per character
      size += HEADERS + 2 * string.length();
    }
    return size;
  }

  /**
   * Returns an estimate of the memory footprint in bytes of the entire
   * subtree rooted at this node.
   *
   * @return the size of this subtree in bytes
   */
  public final int subtreeBytes() {
    return treeSize();
  }

  /**
   * Returns an estimate of the memory footprint in bytes of the entire
   * subtree rooted at this node.
   * <p>
   * N.B. This method is package-private, so that the implementations
   * of this method in each of the concrete AST node types do not
   * clutter up the API doc.
   * </p>
   *
   * @return the size of this subtree in bytes
   */
  abstract int treeSize();

  /**
   * Returns an estimate of the memory footprint of this node in bytes.
   * The estimate does not include the space occupied by child nodes.
   *
   * @return the size of this node in bytes
   */
  abstract int memSize();
}
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